Human exhalation flow is a potential source of pathogens that can constitute a cross‐
infection risk to people in indoor environments. Thus, it is important to investigate the
characteristics of this flow, its development, area of influence, and the diffusion of the
exhaled contaminants. This paper uses phase‐averaged particle image velocimetry
together with a tracer gas (CO 2) to study two different exhalation flows over time: the
exhalation of an average male (test M) and an average female (test F), using a life‐sized …

Human exhalation flow is a potential source of pathogens that can constitute a cross-
infection risk to people in indoor environments. Thus, it is important to investigate the
characteristics of this flow, its development, area of influence, and the diffusion of the
exhaled contaminants. This paper uses phase-averaged particle image velocimetry together
with a tracer gas (CO2) to study two different exhalation flows over time: the exhalation of an
average male (test M) and an average female (test F), using a life-sized thermal manikin in a …