Introduction In a highly automated vehicle, the resumption of manual control often takes
place in emergency situations automation cannot handle. Time pressure may increase
driver stress and lead to risky behaviors. For safety purposes, this study examines the
impacts of emergency takeovers on driver stress. Method The impacts of emergency
takeovers on driver stress were explored through heart rate, pupil diameter and perceived
stress, gathered from 36 drivers in a driving simulator. Three degrees of emergency were …