We examine whether board governance dimensions, carbon risks and opportunities, and environmental management affect carbon management system quality (CMSQ). Based on 1035 firm‐year observations from UK companies from 2011 to 2018, we find that internal governance is significantly related to CMSQ. In addition, firms with a heightened degree of carbon risks and/or opportunities are motivated to adopt a high‐quality carbon management system to mitigate exposure and harness opportunities. Finally, climate risk and opportunity have an interactive and complementary effect on CMSQ (i.e., both climate risk and opportunity can strengthen the effect of the other on CMSQ). This study contributes significantly to a growing body of research on how corporate governance, carbon risks and carbon opportunities may simulate proactivity of corporate sustainability in general and carbon management strategy in particular. Our results provide insights for investors, policymakers, managers and regulators on the combined effect of greenhouse gas emissions and corporate governance practice.