were predicted using the biotic ligand model (BLM), with the parameters derived from the Cd‐
only and Pb‐only toxicity data. The BLM‐based toxic unit (TU) approach and the proposed
BLM‐based fmix approach were used for prediction. The predicted mixture toxic effects
using the BLM‐based fmix approach were closer to the observed mixture effects (root mean
square error [RMSE]= 9.7 at 25 mM Ca2+) than that using the BLM‐based TU approach …