We proposed a facile, low cost, and green approach to produce stable aqueous graphene dispersions from graphite by sonication in aqueous bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution for biomedical applications. The production of high-quality graphene was confirmed using microscopy images, Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and XPS. In addition, ab initio calculations revealed molecular interactions between graphene and BSA. The processability of aqueous graphene dispersions was demonstrated by fabricating conductive and mechanically robust hydrogel–graphene materials.