This study examined the determinants of fertility, using panel data for 27 European
countries. We employed panel co-integration to estimate fertility as function of demographic
and economic variables. We showed that low fertility in most industrialized countries in
Europe is due to low infant mortality rates, high female employment, low nuptiality rate, and
high opportunity cost of having children. Using two measures of economic uncertainty, which
are associated with labor market decisions—a production (an output) volatility measure and …

In a developing country like Pakistan where financial and labor markets are immature, trade
is not very much open with low per capita income and high output risk shows economic and
financial uncertainty by disturbing behavior of saving and portfolios that changes people s'
decisions about family size. In this paper ARDL model is used to examine variations in
fertility preferences using time series data by looking into statistical relationship between
different demographic and economic variables. The result shows that fertility rate is …