the phenomenon in order to activate appropriate mitigation measures. In this study, several
homogenous Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) were developed to forecast droughts using
the Standardized Precipitation Index, SPI, at short-medium term. Validation of the developed
models was carried out with reference to precipitation series observed in 22 stations located
in the upper Blue Nile river basin. The performance of the HMM was measured using …