exchange sites in porous membranes. This study demonstrates that adsorption of poly
(acrylic acid)(PAA)-containing films at pH 3 rather than pH 5 increases the protein-binding
capacity of such polyelectrolyte-modified membranes 3–6-fold. The low adsorption pH
generates a high density of− COOH groups that function as either ion-exchange sites or
points for covalent immobilization of metal-ion complexes that selectively bind tagged …