simulation techniques for rare-event probability estimation and optimization. In this paper,
we investigate how these methods can be eXtended to provide a general non-parametric
cross-entropy framework based on φ-divergence distance measures. We show how the χ 2
distance, in particular, yields a viable alternative to the Kullback—Leibler distance. The
theory is illustrated with various eXamples from density estimation, rare-event simulation …