Capsule Territory locations, density and the change in numbers over 20 years were associated with characteristics of the canopy, understorey structure and field-layer vegetation cover.

Aims To identify habitat characteristics associated with territory locations and density of Wood Warblers Phylloscopus sibilatrix in Welsh oakwoods in 2009–2011, and the change in abundance between 1982–1984 and 2003–2004.

Methods In 2009–2011, habitat characteristics were compared between 106 territories and 226 unoccupied points in 19 woods. Mean wood-scale habitat values were related to density in 27 woodland blocks. The change in Wood Warbler numbers between 1982–1984 and 2003–2004 was related to initial habitat quality in the 1980s and the change in habitat characteristics between the two time periods.

Results The location of territories in 2009–2011 was positively associated with canopy height, and with intermediate values of slope steepness, field-layer vegetation cover, canopy cover, the proportion of Oak Quercus in the tree community and subcanopy cover. Density was positively associated with slope, subcanopy cover at 0.5–2 m height and a landscape dominated by coniferous plantation and moorland; and with intermediate values of the proportion of oaks in the tree community. Wood Warblers declined by 24.4% in the two Welsh regions between 1982–1984 and 2003–2004, and trends were positively associated with the initial cover of Bramble and, in Gwynedd only, canopy cover.

Conclusions Wood Warblers were associated with a number of structural habitat variables, which could be related to the past management of the study woods. Management should be targeted at restoring habitat quality for Wood Warblers through the introduction of a moderate grazing regime.