electro-absorption modulator (EAM) based on a slot waveguide. Due to the enhanced light-
matter interaction of graphene, the device exhibits an impressive modulation efficiency
(0.038 dBµm^− 1V^− 1) and bandwidth (≈ 16 GHz). Starting from these results, we carried
out an extensive design study, focusing on three crucial design parameters and exploring
the associated trade-offs in insertion loss, extinction ratio and bandwidth. The simulation …