A high-frequency plantlet regeneration protocol was developed for black pepper (Piper
nigrum L.) through cyclic secondary somatic embryogenesis. Secondary embryos formed
from the radicular end of the primary somatic embryos which were originally derived from
micropylar tissues of germinating seeds on growth regulator-free SH medium in the absence
of light. The process of secondary embryogenesis continued in a cyclic manner from the root
pole of newly formed embryos resulting in clumps of somatic embryos. Strength of the …

Somatic embryogenesis is one of good examples of the basic research for plant embryo
development as well as an important technique for plant biotechnology such as medicinally
important plants. Single embryos develop into normal plantlets with shoots and roots.
Therefore, direct single embryogenesis derived from single cells is highly important for
normal plant regeneration. Here we demonstrate that the cyclic secondary somatic
embryogenesis in Panax ginseng Meyer is a permanent source of embryogenic material that …