How Zwicky already ruled out modified gravity theories without dark matter

TM Nieuwenhuizen - Fortschritte der Physik, 2017 - Wiley Online Library
Fortschritte der Physik, 2017Wiley Online Library
Various theories, such as MOND, MOG, Emergent Gravity and theories avoid dark matter by
assuming a change in General Relativity and/or in Newton's law. Galactic rotation curves are
typically described well. Here the application to galaxy clusters is considered, focussed on
the good lensing and X‐ray data for A1689. As a start, the no‐dark‐matter case is confirmed
to work badly: the need for dark matter starts near the cluster centre, where Newton's law is
still supposed to be valid. This leads to the conundrum discovered by Zwicky, which is likely …
Various theories, such as MOND, MOG, Emergent Gravity and theories avoid dark matter by assuming a change in General Relativity and/or in Newton's law. Galactic rotation curves are typically described well. Here the application to galaxy clusters is considered, focussed on the good lensing and X‐ray data for A1689. As a start, the no‐dark‐matter case is confirmed to work badly: the need for dark matter starts near the cluster centre, where Newton's law is still supposed to be valid. This leads to the conundrum discovered by Zwicky, which is likely only solvable in his way, namely by assuming additional (dark) matter. Neutrinos with eV masses serve well without altering the successes in (dwarf) galaxies.
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