accelerates hepatitis C disease progression; however, the mechanism underlying this effect
is unknown. Here, we investigated the role of HIV-1 in HCV gene expression and the
mechanism involved in this regulation. We discovered that HIV-1 Rev protein activates HCV
gene expression. We further revealed that Rev binds to the internal loop of the HCV 5′-
untranslated region (5′-UTR) to stimulate HCV IRES-mediated translation.