The Northern Hemisphere has been warmer since 1980 than at any other time during the
last 2000years. The observed increase in temperature has been generally higher in
northern than in southern European seas, and higher in enclosed than in open seas.
Although European marine ecosystems are influenced by many other factors, such as
nutrient enrichment and overfishing, every region has shown at least some changes that
were most likely attributable to recent climate change. It is expected that within open systems …