Abstract Treatment outcomes for migraine and other chronic headache and pain conditions
typically demonstrate modest results. A greater understanding of underlying pain
mechanisms may better inform treatments and improve outcomes. Increased GABA+ has
been identified in recent studies of migraine, however, it is unclear if this is present in other
headache, and pain conditions. We primarily investigated GABA+ levels in the posterior
cingulate gyrus (PCG) of people with migraine, whiplash-headache and low back pain …