Quantum information scrambling has received tremendous attention owing to its key concept in the fields of quantum chaos and quantum gravity. Here, with exploiting a fully controllable superconducting quantum processor, we study the verified scrambling in a 1D spin chain by an analog superconducting quantum simulator with the signs and values of individual driving and coupling terms fully controllable. By engineering opposite Hamiltonians on two subsystems, we measure the temporal and spatial patterns of out-of-time ordered correlators (OTOC), with the Hamiltonian mismatch and the decoherence extracted quantitatively from the scrambling dynamics, providing a benchmarking tool for probing not only the spatial but the temporal patterns of scrambling dynamics in many-body systems. Our work demonstrates the superconducting system with strong controllability as a powerful quantum simulator.