Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) are able to provide a personalized approach to learning by
assuming the role of a real teacher/expert who adapts and steers the learning process
according to the specific needs of each learner. This is done by taking into account a
number of learner features and deciding on the best action to follow at any point in the
learning process. Within the field of computer assisted language learning (CALL), the
“computer-as-a-tutor” modality has been widely accepted for some time now, although it has …