technologies applied and the degree of electrification within the Finnish context. Lithium iron
phosphate (LFP) and electrochemical recuperator (ECR) were selected as storage
technologies. ECR can be an alternative to the lithium-ion battery; however, little is known
regarding its environmental performance when applied to electrify city buses. The study
focused on diesel buses, battery electric buses (BEB) and plug-in hybrid buses. Life cycle …