ganizations (HMOs) and preferred provider organizations (PPOs), on health costs is
controversial. For some areas and time periods, there is a strong negative relationship
between MC penetration in a market and health costs (see, eg, Gaskin and Hadley 1997).
Other researchers have found a positive relationship between MC penetration and health
costs (see, eg, Feldman et al. 1993)." Still another finds that traditional fee for service (FFS) …