The Ka'apor Indians of eastern Amazonian Brazil exhibit an integrated system of forest management. The Ka'apor manipulate flora and fauna as well as create diverse vegetational zones and ecotones across space and time. This system may help sustain the utility of the local environment and hence, enhance its habitability. Forest management manifests itself in the evolution of Ka'apor settlements. The diversity of vegetational zones and the evidently sustained productivity of the land, flora, and fauna about Ka'apor settlements may be conceived in terms of human manipulations of "primary" Amazonian forest over the long term.