freedom, workspaces on the order of a cubic millimeter, and payloads on the order of a
milligram. We have created rigid links, mechanical couplings, and large-force, large-
displacement micromotors. Hollow triangular beams made from rotated microhinged
polysilicon plates can withstand axial loads of up to 2.3 gm. Mechanical couplings are used
to rotate folded structures off the substrate with less than 2µN of force. Linear electrostatic …