This study investigated whether urban symbol modernization in Tehran was in line with the
modernization of citizens' ways of conceptualizing. For this reason, Tehran citizens'
conceptual metaphors toward two important Tehran urban symbols, Azadi and Milad towers,
were analyzed. Azadi tower is a traditional and a memorial symbol while Milad tower is a
symbol of technology and modernity. It was intended to find out if old and young citizens
differed in their ways of conceptualizing. The result indicated that both young and old …