Recently, a major transcription system that controls abscisicacid-independent gene expression in response to dehydration and low temperature has been identified. The system includes the DRE/CRT (dehydration-responsive element/C-repeat) cis-acting element and its DNA-binding protein, DREB/CBF (DRE-binding protein/C-repeat binding factor), which has an AP2 domain. DREB/CBF contains two subclasses, DREB1 /CBF and DREB2, which are induced by cold and dehydration, respectively, and control the expression of various genes involved in stress tolerance. Recent studies are providing evidence of differences between dehydrationsignaling and cold-stress-signaling cascades, and of cross-talk between them.