Kidney stones and Escherichia coli bacterial particles are mineral aggregates found inside
the kidney and bladder that cause urinary tract infections and complications during urination.
Therefore, it is essential to understand that how such stones create the obstruction in the
urine flow and what are the possible solutions to remove them from the urinary system? In
view of the complications in the urinary system due to bacteria and CaOx, the major
objectives of this study are to investigate (a) how electro-osmosis modulates the urine flow …