miniature cameras. The proposed MLL firstly offers concurrent variable-focus and variable-
aperture functions in a single lens system solely using electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD)
actuation. To perform both optical functions, the MLL employs two immiscible liquids and
controls liquid–liquid interfaces directly through the application of voltage. The performances
of both optical functions are experimentally verified by using a prototype of the MLL. Finally …