polymerase II (RNAP II). In this procedure, the running start allowed us to measure rapid
rates of elongation and provided detailed insight into the RNAP II mechanism. Formation of
two bonds was tracked to ensure that at least one translocation event was analyzed. By
using this method, RNAP II is stalled briefly at a defined template position before restoring
the next NTP. Significantly, slow reaction steps are identified both before and after …