BACKGROUND Machine learning (ML) is a domain of artificial intelligence that allows
computer algorithms to learn from experience without being explicitly programmed.
OBJECTIVE To summarize neurosurgical applications of ML where it has been compared to
clinical expertise, here referred to as “natural intelligence.” METHODS A systematic search
was performed in the PubMed and Embase databases as of August 2016 to review all
studies comparing the performance of various ML approaches with that of clinical experts in …