… acts on individual piles or around the perimeter of the group. … model tests is to study the
effect of spacing by measuring the soil surface settlements within and outside model pile groups. …

… Large-scale model tests specifically designed to measure … which the negative skin friction
on single piles was measured were … the lower sand, the measured surface settlement the lower …

… results of short-term pullout tests and long-term full-scale measurements of negative skin …
caused excessive settlement of the ground, resulting in negative skin friction in the test piles. …

… -scale field tests and experimental measurements of pile settlement and … groups [12–17].
These were followed by a series of centrifuge model studies [18–22] or small-scale model tests […

… and lower measurement points of the pile unit. Negative values are negative skin friction, …
, and positive values are positive skin friction, indicating that the soil is supporting the pile. …

… In this research programme, a small-scale laboratory test … of negative skin friction along pile
length at any given time. … for negative skin friction down to a depth where the settlement of the …

… model tests that were carried out to investigate the effect of … the clay surface inducing additional
soft clay settlement, downdrag … Field measurements of negative skin friction on steel tube …

… settlement measurements were recorded over a period of 265 days. Fig. 1 shows all the test
… load cells, to plot the skin friction along the pile length. For the uncoated pile, the maximum …

… Increasing pile length can reduce the negative skin friction caused by excessive settlement,
or … results of short-term pullout tests and long-term full-scale measurements of negative skin …

… the surface settlement and 7, is the limiting shaft friction which … a series of tests to clarify the
effect of negative skin friction on … Model steel pipe piles of length 700 mm with outer diameter …