control over homeostatic areas. To test this assumption, we applied an effective connectivity
approach to reveal the direction of information flow between brain regions and the valence
of connections (excitatory versus inhibitory) as a function of increased BMI and homeostatic
state. Subjects/Methods Forty-one participants (21 overweight/obese) underwent two resting-
state fMRI scans: after overnight fasting (hunger) and following a standardised meal …