Vorob'ev claims that this logic is a formalization of the following idea, suggested by Nelson
[11] and Markov [4]. Usually we refute a sentence a either by reductio ad absurdum or by
construction of a counter-example of a. From the point of view of the constructive logic these
two ways are not equivalent, so we have two kinds of negation. Vorob'ev formalizes this idea
in a calculus which may be obtained from the intuitionistic propositional calculus by adding a …