Recurrent infections in children with chromosome anomalies are associated with some anatomical specificities in their upper respiratory tract and neuromuscular disorders; however, immunological differences may also increase children’s susceptibility to infections. The article analyzes studies dedicated to the immunity status of children with chromosome anomalies. The scientific data were collected from the OMIM, Scopus, and PubMed international databases by the corresponding keywords. Immunological assays diagnosed immunodeficiency in children with syndromes, such as Down, the 22q11.2 deletion, Nijmegen, Louis Bar, Turner, Wolf-Hirschhorn, Jacobsen, CHARGE, and Cornelia de Lange syndromes, which was shown by alterations in cell immunity and hypogammaglobulinemia. The article highlighted the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the onset of immune disorders in children with chromosomal abnormalities. It has been noted that newborn screening assays for severe combined immunodeficiency diagnose T-cell lymphopenia in infants with chromosome anomalies, and, therefore, these children are to be classified as a group at a high risk for developing immunodeficiency. Early diagnosis of chromosomal diseases will help to diagnose the severity of immune disorders, prescribe their timely correction, prevent infectious complications, and improve the quality of life for these children.