… We predicted that countershading optimized for the prey-specific illumination conditions …
than those with countershading optimized for different lighting, or with no countershading at all. …

… camouflage is countershading, where the dorsal surface of the body is more darkly pigmented
than the ventral side [1,2]. Countershading … only countershaded animals can optimize both …

… a countershaded pattern optimized for cloudy lighting (cloudy CS), or with a CS pattern
optimized … CS and cloudy CS) will be referred to as camouflaged in the remainder of the paper. …

… weather, could alter the optimal countershading for an animal of a … countershading does
act as visual camouflage and we demonstrate how tightly the effectiveness of the camouflage is …

… countershaded and textured pattern of a leopard pelt). We demonstrate that countershading
… In all the plots, the coloration has been optimized so that the right part of the body achieves …

… unclear whether countershading facilitates camouflage through elimination … Fish adjusted
their countershading pattern in response to changes in … Optimizing countershading camouflage …

… While much work focuses on optimizing camouflage against one background, this …
camouflage is self-shadow concealment, where directional light is cancelled out by countershading…

… countershading: (1) is a vestige of adaptive countershading in … ; and (5) facilitates camouflage
for those individuals (typically … countershading may well be a product of the optimization of …

… countershading (Kamilar 2009; Kamilar and Bradley 2011a). Although all these results are
consistent with a camouflage role of countershading … are at their strongest, optimizing to the …

… may overcome this, including optimizing camouflage so that it … may break the silvering/countershading
camouflage of fish, as … and chromatic camouflage of countershading/silvering [77], …