Organizational performance referents: An empirical examination of their content and influences
Although the mechanisms by which individuals make judgments about personal success
have been studied extensively, theoretical and empirical development of performance
referents in organizations has been sparse. To address this shortfall, we utilized a two-study
design to explore performance referents used by CEOs along with characteristics
influencing referent orientation (internal vs. external). Referent use was identified through
content analysis of 119 CEO annual shareholder letters in the restaurant industry. Results …
have been studied extensively, theoretical and empirical development of performance
referents in organizations has been sparse. To address this shortfall, we utilized a two-study
design to explore performance referents used by CEOs along with characteristics
influencing referent orientation (internal vs. external). Referent use was identified through
content analysis of 119 CEO annual shareholder letters in the restaurant industry. Results …
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