Origins of inward torquoselectivity by silyl groups and other σ-acceptors in electrocyclic reactions of cyclobutenes

PS Lee, X Zhang, KN Houk - Journal of the American Chemical …, 2003 - ACS Publications
PS Lee, X Zhang, KN Houk
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2003ACS Publications
Recent reports of inward torquoselectivities in thermal electrocyclic ring-opening reactions of
3-silylcyclobutenes have revealed that saturated silyl substituents, just like the extensively
studied π-acceptors, can exert contrasteric effects. The origins of torquoselectivity for
substituents lacking π orbitals have been explained using B3LYP density functional
calculations. Orbital interactions involving the substituent vacant orbitals and the occupied
orbitals associated with the breaking bonds are found to control these contrasteric …
Recent reports of inward torquoselectivities in thermal electrocyclic ring-opening reactions of 3-silylcyclobutenes have revealed that saturated silyl substituents, just like the extensively studied π-acceptors, can exert contrasteric effects. The origins of torquoselectivity for substituents lacking π orbitals have been explained using B3LYP density functional calculations. Orbital interactions involving the substituent vacant orbitals and the occupied orbitals associated with the breaking bonds are found to control these contrasteric torquoselectivities, with minor contributions from electrostatic effects. Reaction energetics and transition states for electrocyclic ring-opening reactions of 3-silyl, fluorosilyl, difluorosilyl, trifluorosilyl, methylsilyl, methyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, ammonio, phosphonio, formyl, and borohydrido cyclobutenes are reported to complement previous extensive studies of unsaturated substituents. Inward stereoselectivities are predicted for various silyl and phosphonium substituents, along with potent π-acceptors studied earlier. Cope and Diels−Alder reactions involving silyl substituents are also computed.
ACS Publications
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