Abstract Programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands, namely PD-L1 and PD-L2, are one of
the key factors responsible for inhibitory T cell signaling, mediating the mechanisms of
tolerance and providing immune homeostasis. Mounting evidence demonstrates that
impaired PD-1: PD-L function plays an important role in a variety of autoimmune diseases
such as Type 1 diabetes (T1D), encephalomyelitis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD),
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), Behcet's disease (BD), myasthenia …