The hypothalamic–pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis is one of the most important physiological
mechanisms for mediating life-history trade-offs by reallocating resources to immediate
survival from other life-history components during a perturbation. Early-life stressor
experience and associated upregulation of glucocorticoids can induce short-and long-term
changes to the HPA axis in ways that may optimize survival and/or reproduction for the
expected adult environment. Although short-term changes to the HPA axis following …