Due to its inherent complexity such as limited work volume and degree of freedom,
minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is ergonomically challenging to surgeons compared to
traditional open surgery. Specifically, MIS can expose performing surgeons to excessive
ergonomic risks including muscle fatigue that may lead to critical errors in surgical
procedures. Therefore, detecting the vulnerable muscles and time‐to‐fatigue during MIS is
of great importance in order to prevent these errors. The main goal of this study is to propose …