pulmonary complications (PPCs), including acute exacerbations/acute lung injury (AEs/ALI),
respiratory failure, pneumonia, atelectasis, prolonged air leak, pneumothorax or
hemothorax, pulmonary embolism, and mortality when undergoing both pulmonary and
nonpulmonary surgery. 1-3 Mortality rates can be exceedingly high, particularly in patients
who experience AEs or undergo emergency surgery. 1-4 The etiology of this increased risk …