Introduction: There are few studies on cognitive alterations in children that have been carried out in the Cuban provinces of the central region.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of pre-school children with cognitive alterations.

Methods: From a group sample of 25 600 children from 0 to 6 years old of Cienfuegos province, there were selected 825 pre-school children in the ages from 4 to 6 years from different educational and health institutions. All the children were evaluated with the Luria Incial neuropsychological test. It was used the Cuban standard of the test to obtain the prevalence data: percentiles 30-35, children with neurodevelopmental disorders, and percentiles 40-45, children with cognitive alterations related to psychosocial factors.

Results: The 3.9% of the children presented cognitive alterations related to psychosocial factors, while the 1.4% presented alterations related to neurodevelopmental disorders. The main alterations were comprised in 4 tasks: simple calculations, psychomotricity, language and working memory. In the educational institutions, 1 of 10 children presented a neurodevelopmental disorder, while 3 of 10 children presented alterations due to educative causes. In the health institutions, 58, 0% of the children presented alterations due to educative causes.

Conclusions: In Cienfuegos province, the prevalence of pre-school children with cognitive alterations is moderately high. The alterations are specially found in the executive and linguistic functions and in the abilities related with the numbers processing. In the health institutions, it is common to have children with alterations in the executive and linguistic functions, while in the educative institutions prevail the alterations in the executive functions and the numbers processing.