In a diverse sample of 297 adolescents, four clusters based on the agency and pathways
subscales of the Children's Hope Scale were derived via cluster analysis: high hopers (n=
105), high agency thinkers (n= 73), high pathway thinkers (n= 57), and low hopers (n= 62).
We examined differences among clusters on psychological (consideration of future
consequences, perceived life chances, perceived stress, and self-esteem) and educational
constructs (academic self-concept, academic investment, and self-reported academic …