tumor growth in≤ 50% of glioblastoma (GBM) patients, which can be true progression (TP)–
tumor growth with poor treatment response, or pseudoprogression (PP)–edema and tumor
necrosis with favorable treatment response. Patients with TP have median overall survival
(OS) of only 7 months, while patients with PP have median OS of 36 months. However, on
imaging, TP and PP are usually not discernible during treatment, making it difficult to adapt …