usage. The repeater usage is estimated by the interconnect optimizer IPEM in the post-
placement/pre-routing stage, where the 2D and 3D placement are generated by state-of-art
mixed-size placers mPL6 and mPL-3D. Experiments on a set of real industrial designs show
that, through 3D placement, the total number of repeaters used in the on-chip
interconnections can be reduced by 19.74% and 51.41% on average with 3 layers and 4 …