The sustainable development of vehicle propulsion systems that have mainly focused on
reduction of fuel consumption (ie CO2 emission) has led, not only to the development of
systems connected with combustion processes but also to legislation and testing
procedures. In recent years, the low carbon policy has made hybrid vehicles and fully
electric vehicles (H/EVs) popular. The main virtue of these propulsion systems is their ability
to restore some of the expended energy from kinetic movement, eg the braking process …

Hybrid vehicles and fully electric vehicles (H/EVs), as with conventional vehicles, are
equipped with advanced active safety systems responsible for maintaining dynamic stability.
The nost recent research efforts focusing on the regenerative braking mode (re-gen mode)
have shown that the increase of the re-gen ratio (defined as the recaptured braking energy
to the sum of the energy recaptured and the energy dissipaled in the friction brakes)
achieved by an increase in the deceferation over 0.1 g may cause a stability event …