ABSTRACT During the 2020–21 school year, Black students were less likely to learn in
person than white students. We examine whether this difference persisted as the pandemic
progressed. We find that the rate of in-person learning increased in 2021–22 but remained
lower for Black students compared to white students. While several factors helped explain
observed racial differences in learning modality in 2020–21, only modality offerings
continued to be an important explanatory factor in 2021–22 and a Black-white in-person …

* Corresponding Author: Gema Zamarro, Department of Education Reform, University of
Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701. gzamarro@ uark. edu Acknowledgments: The project
described in this article relies on data from survey (s) administered by the UAS, which is
maintained by the Center for Economic and Social Research at the University of Southern
California. The content of this article is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not
necessarily represent the official views of USC or UAS. The collection of the UAS COVID-19 …