hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) energy management performance, and therefore the fuel
economy. This paper presents an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) based
method, aiming to forecast the near future road grade in real-time with acceptable accuracy
for predictive energy management of (P) HEVs. Real world road grade data is collected and
employed to formulate the ARIMA model, and model predictive control (MPC) is used for the …