malpractices like excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides have aggravated the effects of
abiotic stresses on crop productivity and degraded the ecosystem. There is an urgent need
for environment-friendly management techniques such as the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi (AMF) for enhancing crop productivity. AMF are commonly known as bio-fertilizers.
Moreover, it is widely believed that the inoculation of AMF provides tolerance to host plants …