Soil heavy metal (HM) pollution, which arises from natural and anthropogenic sources, is a
prime threat to the environment due to its accumulative property and non-biodegradability.
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis is highly efficient in conferring enhanced metal tolerance
to their host plants, enabling their regeneration on metal-contaminated lands for
bioremediation programs. Numerous reports are available regarding ECM fungal potential
to colonize metal-contaminated lands and various defense mechanisms of ECM fungi and …