Associative learning plays a significant role in shaping human behaviors. Complex
cognitions such as image recognition and pattern recognition in real-time, abstract thinking,
among others, are easily accomplished with high energy efficiencies, outperforming the
superior machines existing today. Thus, brain-inspired synaptic devices are proposed to
enhance the computation speed and efficiency, which are lacking in the conventional von
Neumann architecture and hence a promising approach for neuromorphic artificial …