Volleyball is a sport that starts with a serve, so effective service is essential to win the game.
The trajectory of the ball is complicatedly affected by the fluid force, which depends on the
speed, spin speed, and panel shape. To understand the aerodynamic characteristics of the
ball and to propose an ideal serve method, we measured the fluid force and flight trajectory.
The fluid force applied to the ball was measured at a wind speed of 4–30 m/s in the wind
tunnel. The fluid force on the ball was strongly dependent on the ball type and orientation of …

A floater serve in volleyball is a technique of serving a non-rotating or low-rotating ball,
which is difficult to return because the flight path of the ball changes irregularly. On the other
hand, the randomness of the trajectory makes it difficult for the ball to fall on the target.
Players are required to serve taking into account the variability of the trajectory. In previous
studies using wind tunnels, it was shown that aerodynamic characteristics such as drag
force and lateral force applied to the ball vary depending on the type of ball and the …